gf]6M of] n]v ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefusf] b\j}dfl;s klqsf g]kfnsf] c+s aif{ %) c+s % k"0ff{+s @#@ r}t a}zfv @)&& &* k]h !#% df k|sflzt 5 . of] Anu To;}sf] c;Dkflbt :j?k xf] .
This article is also republished at https://www.himaldarpan.com/khas-civilization
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;Eotf eg]sf] pRr ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts tyf
k|fljlws ljz]iftf;lxt ljsl;t ePsf] ldl>t dfgj ;dfh xf] . dfgjn] lkm/Gt] o'uaf6
;uf]ndf a:g] cfjZostf dxz'; u/];Fu} ;+;f/sf ljleGg 7fpFdf z'?jftL ;Eotfx? ljsf;
x'gyfn] . dfgjzf:qLo dfGotfcg';f/ ;fF:s[lts?kn] /fd|f 7flgPsf ;dfhnfO{ ‘;Eo ;dfh’ elgof] . ;F:s[lt
/ ;Eotf hf]l8Psf cjwf/0ff x'g\ t/ ;a} ;dfhdf /x]sf ;+:s[ltx? ;Eotf aGb}gg\ .[1] ;fF:s[lts ?kn] pGgt / g}lts ?kdf c;n ;dfhdf
ljsl;t ;+/rgf, ;+u7g / ultljlwx?nfO{ ;Eotf eg]/ lrlgof] . ;Eotf
lgdf{0f x'gsf nflu zx/ jf a:tLdf ag]sf], hLljsfsf] nflu >dsf] afF8kmfF8
ePsf], zf;sLo ;+/rgfdf afFlwPsf], lnkL, Jofkf/, snf / :df/s, k|fljlws lj1tf
cflb xfFl;n ePsf] x'g'k5{.[2] z'?jftL ;Eotfx? k|foh;f] gbL lsgf/df ljsl;t ePsf kfOG5g\
h:tf]M dfg;/f]j/af6 pb\ud ePsf gbL k|jfx If]q cf;kf; ljsl;t j}lbs u+uf ;Eotf /
k|frLg l;Gw' ;Eotfh:tf k"jL{o ;Eotfx? . x/]s ;Eotfx? cfkm|gf] ;fd|fHo leq
ljsl;t x'g] / sltko ;f] ;fdfHosf] cfo';Fu} ljno x'G5g\ . klZrdf ;Eotfx?sf] Ps
cWoogcg';f/ cf};t ##^ aif{df ;Eotfsf] cGTo ePsf] kfO{G5[3] . k|lts'n hnjfo', jftfj/0fLo
kl/jt{g v8]/L tyf dxfdf/Lnufot ljkb,
e"sDk, af9Lh:tf b}jLk|sf]k, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts c;Gt'ng, cfGtl/s b\jGb /
afXo cfs|d0f h:tf sf/0fn] ;Eotfx? gfz x'G5g\ . tyfkL rLg / OlhK6sf k|frLg s]xL
;Eotfx? eg] k'gM ljsl;t, kl/dflh{t / ?kfGt/0f ePsf klg 5g\ .[4]
s0ff{nL If]qsf] Oltxf; cWoogsf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xfd|f] /fli6|otfnfO{
Ps;'qdf afFw]/ df}lns klxrfg lbg] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] s0ff{nL If]qdf ljsl;t v;
;Eotfsf] af/]df clt sd rf;f] / rrf{ ePsf] 5 . ;lbof}+b]lv tTsfnLg zf;s / zf;sLo
;+oGqsf] cb'/blz{tf tyf ;+s[0ftfn] ;[lhPsf] e"/fhgLlts c;Gt'ng / lje]bsf
sf/0f g]kfndf k|hftGq gcfpGh]n s0ff{nL If]qsf] Oltxf;af/] ljZjhut cgle1 lyof] .
h'DnfIf]qdf uf]vf{nL] ljhokl5 sf7df08f}n] zf;g ug{ a8fxflsdx? v6fO{ /x|of] t/
Oltxf; / ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug{ rf;f] lbPg . s]xL ljb]zL n]vs, afa'/fd cfrfo{, go/fh
kGtx?n] klZrd g]kfnsf] Oltxf; af/] yf]/} pNn]v ug]{ k|of; u/]sf ePklg o;
If]qsf] af:tljs cGj]if0f of]uL g/xl/gfysf] ;Tk|of;af6 la=;+= @)!@ ;fndf k|f/De
eof] . of]uLn] s'gfsGb/fdf k'uL ;+sng u/]sf b:tfj]hx? k|sfzg u/]kl5 dfq ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL ljb\jfgx?nfO{ v; ;fd|fHosf] cl:tTj af]w eof] . Tolx ;dodf la=;+= @)!# ;fnlt/}
O6fnLsf Oltxf;sf/ k|f]km];/ lh;]km 6"rLn] 8f]Nkf, ltla|sf]6 h'Dnf, b'Nn'
;'v]{tsf] cGj]if0f ofqf u/]/ cfkm\gf] cjnf]sgsf] j0f{g k|lnldg/L l/kf]6{ cg
6" ;fOlG6lkms PS;lkl8;g Og g]kfn ;g\ !(%^ /f]daf6 5fk] . o;n] ljZjsf]
k|fl1s au{nfO{ s0ff{nL If]qsf] Oltxf;af/] rf;f] a9\fof] .
lj=;+= @)!) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ g]kfndf
ljsl;t k|fl1s cle?rLn] g]kfn ;flxTo snf k|lti7fg tyf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno h:tf
;+:yfx? :yfkgf eO{ afXo k|fl1s ;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjodf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] k/Dk/f
lelqof] . tyfkL s0ff{nL If]qsf] yk cWoog cg';Gwfgsf ultljlwx? eg] la= ;+= @)@)
sf] dWolt/af6 z'? x'g yfNof] . To;otf sof}+ g]kfnL tyf ljb]zL ljb\jfgx?n]
s0ff{nLIf]qsf] Oltxf;af/] cWoog tyf k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . cWo]tfx? h:t} r'8fd0fL
aGw', hgs/fh zdf{, wgah| ah|rfo{, k|ofu/fh zdf{, k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn “ofqL”, afns[i0f
kf]v/]n, laxf/Ls[i0f >]i7, a]/L l; la;k, df]xgaxfb'/ dNn, df]xgk|;fb vgfn,
/fhf/fd ;'j]bL, /fdljs|d l;+hfklt,
:yL/h+uaxfb'/ l;+x, ;Todf]xg hf]zL, ;'o{ljs|d 1jfnL, ;'o{d0fL clwsf/L cflb /
:yfgLo cWo]tf eLdk|;fb >]i7, /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6fx?n] ljljw cfofdaf6 u/]sf
v;;fdfHosfnLg Oltxf;, k'/ftTj, efiff, wd{, snf, ;flxTo, nf]s;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs
Joj:yfsf] cWoog lgisif{n] h'Dnfsf] l;+hfdf s]]Gb| /x]sf] zlStzfnL v; ;fd|fHosf]
k|efj If]qdf “v; ;Eotf” ljsl;t ePsf] k|df0f kfO{G5 .
v; ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f
v; ;d|fHosf] z'ef/De gfu/fhsf] zf;gsfnaf6 z'? ePsf] dflgG5 . Oltxf;sf/sf] dt cg';f/ ltAatdf lblIft gfu/fhn] z'?sf] s]xL calw tfSnfsf]6af6 /fhsfh rnfP / To;kl5 afx|f+} ztfAbLsf] dWo+ cyf{t !!%) cf;kf;b]lv l;+hf pkTosfnfO{ /fhwfgL agfP/ zf;g z'? u/] . pgL kl5sf k/fs|dL /fhfx? qmfrNn, czf]srNn, lhtf/LdNn, l/k'dNn, cflbTodNn, k'0odNn / k[YjLdNnn] v; ;fdfHonfO{ s'zntfk"j{s lj:tf/ u/]. kGw|f}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4 cyf{t lj=;+= !$%) tfsf ;d|f6 ceodNnsf] kfnf;Dd v; ;fd|fHo sfod /Xof] .[5] oxfFsf] gbLk|jfx If]qsf k|fs[lts >f]t ;DkGg ;fgf7"nf pkTosfx? ;d]6]/ lgdf{0f ePsf] /fHodf zf;sLo ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg kfP/ cg]s ljlzi7tfx? km:6fP . efiff, e]ife'iff, wfld{s cf:yf, snf, ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, zf;sLo k4ltdf df}lns ljz]iftfsf] ljsf; eof]] . k[YjLdNnsf] zf;gsfn;Dd v; ;Eotf pTsif{df k'u]sf] dflgG5 .
kfFrf} ztfAbLaf6 v;x? klZrd kxf8df k|j]z u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . gfu/fhsf] zf;g cGtu{t cfpg' cl3 s0ff{nL If]qdf kfn a+zsf] zf;g k|efj lyof] . Tolta]nf;Dd v;cfo{ hflt dfem ljsl;t eO{/x]sf] ;fF:s[lts df}lnstfn] ;+ul7t / kl/:s[t x'g kfO{/x]sf] lyPg . afx|f}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ v; ;fd|fHosf] zf;gsfndf o;n] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g] cj;/ kfof] .
v; ;Eotfsf ljz]iftfx?
s]xL k|d'v ;Eotfsf] cWoog cg';f/ of}6f
kl/is[t ;Eotf lgdf{0fsf nflu “a[xt hg;f+lVos s]Gb|, k'/ftflTjs :df/s / ljlzi7 snf z}nL,
;+rf/sf /0fgLltx?, k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL, >dsf] afF8kmfF8, ;fdflhs / cfly{s au{
lgdf{0f / wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ljlzi7tf” h:tf k|d'v ljz]iftfx? x'G5g\ .[6] v; ;fdfHodf klg o:tf ljz]iftf ;lxtsf] ‘;Eo ;dfh’ lgdf{0fsf]
nflu c;n cEof; tyf gjLg z'?jftsf k|z:t cfwf/x? ePsf] pbfx/0f kfO{G5g\ .
ltgLx?nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ s]lGb|s[t ;Qf / ljs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yfM ;fd|fHonfO{
cIf'0f /fVg l;+hfaf6 ;+rflnt s]Gb|Lo zf;gsf dftxtdf zlSt ;Gt'ngsf nflu
;fdGtdfkm{t ;;fgf k|zf;lgs O[sfO{af6 ljs]lGb|t ;Qfsf] cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] .
u08sLdf u'?u+, du/ftdf du/, vf/L -ltAat_ df nfdf, s]bf/v08 -s'dfpF u9jfn_df
/fptn] ;fdGt eP/ zf;g uy]{ . :ki6 lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] k|zf;lgs 9fFrfsf] ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] . /fhf, /fhs'df/, d08n]Zj/, cfdfTo, ;]gfktL, /fhu'? hf]O{;L, ;fdGt
h:tf pRrkb:yx? lyP eg] ljleGg :yfgdf e08f/L, c8}, clwsf/L, sfsL{, n]vs, e6\6,
a'9yfkf, yfkf, v8\sf, /fgf, a'9fyf]sL, dxtf/f, /f]sfofh:tf kbflwsf/L dfkm{t k|zf;g
rNYof] . log} ;/sf/L bhf{x?af6
sltko v;cfo{ hfltsf] y/sf] pTklt ePsf] 5 .
@_ ;}GozlSt lgdf{0f / kl/rfng k4ltsf] ljsf;M zflGtsfndf k|zf;g
Joj:yf ;d]t x]g]{ u/L dxfd08n]Zj/ cGtu{t ;]gfkltx?sf] Joj:yf lyof] . efnf v8\u
/ kf; rnfpg] sf]zn ePsf k}snf of}4fx? lyP . o'4 k|of]hgsf nflu 3f]8fsf] pkof]u
x'GYof] . 3f]8fx? k|foM ltAataf6 NofO{Gy] eg] s]xL gZnx? ckmuflg:tfgaf6 ;d]t
NofPsf] Oltxf; 5. :yfgLo h'DnL 3f]8fx? klg c;n hftsf lyP. oftfoft / o'4;fwg sd
ePsf] o'udf l;kfn' cZjf/f]xL ;]gf ePsf]n] v;;fd|fHonfO{ lxdfnjf/kf/ km}lng ;xh
ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
#_ Gofo Joj:yf / Goflos k/Dk/fM /fhf ;jf]{Rr
Gofoflwsf/L x'Gy] eg] ljleGg b/f / If]qdf tf]lsPsf clwsf/Ln] Gofo ;Dkfbg x]g]{
Joj:yf lyof] . Tolta]nfsf bfgkqx?df 808s'08, k]6fnL, d'8fnL, hLp, rf]/L, hf/Ldf
;hfosf] pNn]v kfO{G5. v; /fhfx? af}4 bz{gaf6 lblIft ePsfn] ;lxi0f'tf / ;xgzLntf
l;4fGt cg'z/0f uy]{ . s|frNnb]jnfO{ “Gofo ug{df
wd{/fh;dfg” eg]/ s'dfpFsf] clen]vdf n]lvPsf] 5.
$_ ;fdflhs Joj:yfM v; ;fd|fHo :yfkgfk"j{ klZrdL efuaf6 km}ln+b} k;]sf hflt
/ ot} a;f]af; ug]{ v;hfltx? dfem cGt/3'ngn] ljsl;t ;fdflhs ;+u7gx? g} ;fdflhs
j0f{ Joj:yfsf cfwf/ ag] . ljleGg lnvtx?df a|Xd0f, If]qL, z'b|sf] hfltsf] pNn]v
ePsf] kfO{G5 . hflt cg';f/sf] >dsf] afF8kmf8 ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhb/af/;Fu
kx'Fr x'g] hfltx? /fHo ;+oGqsf kbflwsf/L ag] . ;d|f6 / ;fdGtaf6 k|fKt bfg,
ljtf{sf] hdLgdf gofFa:tLx? lj:tf/ eP . o;/L a;]sf] ufpF / cGo 7fpFsf gfpFaf6
sltko v;cfo{ y/x?sf] pTklt ePsf] dflgG5 . o:tf ufpFx?x? h'Dnf, d'u', b}n]v,
sflnsf]6, c5fd, afh'/f, 8f]6L, aemf+u, ?s'ddf 5g\ .
%_ df}lns efiffsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/M v; ;fd|fHosfndf :yfgLo af]lnrfnLsf]
v;h'DnL efiff ;/sf/L n]vfk9L / ;Dks{
efiff aGof] . /fhsLo cfb]z, bfgkq / sLlt{:tDedf lnkLa4 eP/ ;+/lIft eof] . czf]srNn
-la;+= !#!@ b]lv !##%_kfnfsf] b'Nn'sf] zLnfn]v tyf x'Dnfsf] /]ln+u u'Dafdf
/x]sf] tfd|kqnfO{ g]kfnLefiffdf n]lvPsf k|flrgtd clen]v dWo] dflgG5g\ .[7] To;otf v;efiffdf n]lvPsf jL/:tDe, lznfkq,
tfd|kq, sgskq, lqz'nn]vgn] o; If]qdf k"0f{ ljsl;t n]Vo k/Dk/f /x]sf]
k|df0f ldN5 . z'?jftL s]xL clen]vdf ltAatL /~hgf lnkLsf] k|of]u klg kfO{G5 . ;+/If0f
k/Dk/f gx'Fbf k':tssf?kdf v; ;fd|fHosf] ;flxTo / u}/cfVofgx? eg] e]l6b}g .
ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x?aLr sf/f]af/ tyf af]nrfn ;Dks{sf] nflu v;efiff plta]n}
u08sL nufot g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] lyof] .
^_ ;fdflhs cf:yf / wfld{s
cj:yfM s}nfz kj{t / dfg;/f]j/sf] dxTjn] ubf{ k|frLgsfn
b]lvg} v; clw/fHodf lxGb' / af}4 cg'ofoLx?sf] a;f]af; lyof] . b'a} k/Dk/fsf]
cGt/ls|ofaf6 ldl>t ;lxi0f' ;fdflhs cf:yfx? ljsl;t x'g uof] . k|lz4 af}4
cg'ofoL bLk+s/ >L1fg -cltzf_n] af]wuof, ;f/gfy, s'zLgu/af6 ;'v]{t, l;+hf,
vf]h/gfy x'Fb} Nxf;f;Dd u/]sf] wd{ofqfn] of] af6f]nfO{ tLy{ofqfdfu{sf] ?kdf
k|Voft u/fPsf] . To:t} z+s/frfo{sf] wfld{s cleofgn] s]bf/v08df NofPsf] lxGb'dtsf]
k'g?Tyfgsf] k|efj If]q lj:tf/ eO{/x]sf] lyof] . v; ;d|f6x? af}4 bz{gaf6 lblIft
lyP. klZrdL ltAatdf pTsif{df /x]sf] u'u] ;Eotf;Fu ;fIffTsf/ lyP . To;}n]
o;If]qsf af}4 d'lt{, k|ltdf / snfx? k|z:t kfO{G5g\ . ab|Lgfy, d'lStgfy,
vf]h/gfy, 5fofgfy cflb To;a]nfsf k|d'v tLy:yn lyP .
&_ s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]uwGbf, Joj;foh:tf cfly{s ultljlwM v;e"dLsf] d"nynf] s0ff{nL, e]/L, ;]tL / dxfsfnL / ;;fgf ;xfos gbLx?n] agfPsf] lxdfnLkxf8L e"efu xf] . log} gbLlsgf/sf ;;fgf kmfF6 / pkTosfdf v]ltkftL ul/GYof] eg] pRr e]sdf kz'kfng ul/GYof]. e":jfldTjnfO{ ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf] dfkb08 dflgGYof] . To;}n] ljtf{ / hflu/df hdLg bfg kfpg' zlSt / ;fdYo{sf] k|tLs lyof]. ;]/fv]t / u'7Lv]tdf /fhb/af/ / d7dlGb/sf] v]tL x'GYof] . rf}+/L, e]8f, 3f]8f, afhkfng cfocfh{gsf Joj;flos >f]t lyP . pmg pTkfbgsf] s]Gb| lyof] . 3/]n' tfgdf /f8LkfvL, sDan, lnpm, km]?jf agfOGy] eg] ?jf -skf;_sf] wfuf]af6 7]6'jf sk8f a'lgGYof] . :yfgLo vfgLsf] tfdf / kmnfdsf] k|of]u u/L efF8fs'F8f, z:q, cf}hf/ / pks/0fx? agfO{GYof] . lxdfn jf/kf/ Jofkf/sf] nflu d':tf+usf] nf]dfGyf+u, dWosf] tfSnfvf/ / klZrd l6s/ e+Hofux? ;+rfngdf lyP . a:t' ljlgdosf nflu gfktf}nsf] O{sfO{ d'7L, dfgf, kfyLsf] k|rng lyof] .
v; ;Eotfsf] lj:tf/
dfly
plNnlvt ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df v; Ps k"0f{ ljsl;t ;Eotf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . s'g}klg
;Eotf lj:tf/ x'gsf] nflu o'4 jf b\JGb, Jofkf/ / cGj]if0fh:tf tTjx?n] e'ldsf
v]N5. v; ;Eotfn] klg o:t} cj;/ kfP/ lj:tfl/t ePsf] lyof] . lt tTjx?nfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fx?df
j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf], v; ;fd|fHosf] /fHo lj:tf/sf s|ddf v; ;Eotf klg km}lnof]. czf]srNnsf]
kfnf;Dd klZrddf u9jfn, sl:d/, nb\bfv blIf0fdf af]wuof;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof]. la;+=
!@%) kl5 pQ/ef/t d';ndfg cfs|d0fn] NofPsf] pynk'ynn] af]wuof nufot s]xL If]q
nfdf] ;do;Dd l6s]gg\. To;}n] oxfF v; ;Eotfsf] k|efj bLuf] ePg. t/ afx|f} /
t]x|f} ztfAbLdf k"j{tkm{ u08sL If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/n] ks8 alg/Xof] . rf}wf}+
ztfAbLdf sf7df08f}nfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] k|efjdf Nofpg ;kmn eof] . lj;+= !#$$ b]lv
!#(! ;Dd lhtf/LdNn, l/k'dNn, cflbTodNn / k[YjLdNnn] sf7df08f} pkTosfsf ;a} /fHo
lht]/ ;f] jfkt v; ;fd|HonfO{ lgoldt s/ ltg{]. v; /fhfn] pkTosdf :jo+e"gfy,
af}4gfy, dlR5Gb|gfy, kz'kltgfysf] k"hf uy]{ .[8] v; /fHo lj:tf/ ;Fu} afx|f}
/ t]x|f} ztfAbLdf u08sL If]qlt/ v; efiff / ;+:s[lt klg km}lng uof] eg] rf}wf}+
ztfAbLdf pkTosf / cf;kf;sf] o'4 / ljho;+u} a;f]af; klg lj:tf/ eof] .
bf];|f], afx|f}+b]lv kGw|f}+ ztfAbL;Dd o; If]qdf l;Ns/f]8 ljsl;t
ePsf] lyof] . v;/fHosf] pTsif{ calwdf ag]sf af6fx? rf}8f ‘/fhdfu{‘
cfsf/sf lyP . dfu{e/L ofq'sf lglDt a:g] / kfgL vfg] ;'ljwf ‘gfpnL’ agfO{Psf
lyP [9]. v; ;fd|fHo calwe/
s0ff{nLv08sf] l;Ns/f]8 ef/t / ltAat aLr af}4dfu{sf] ?kdf rn]sf] lyof] .[10]f oL dfu{sf cjz]ifx? cfh
ko{Gt e]l6G5g\ . af6f]df e]l6g] k'/ftlTjs ;Dkbfx?, af}4 d'lt{, dlGb/, lznfn]v,
:df/sn] of] af6f] lgoldt k|of]u e}/x]sf] a'lemG5 . /fhdfu{ / jf6f] agfP/ lxdfn
jf/kf/sf] Jofkf/ km:6fPsf] lyof] .[11] /fhsfh ;'ljwfsf] nflu
sof}+ cfGtl/s af6f]x? agfP/ l;Ns /f]8;Fu hf]l8Psf lyP . zf;g ;Grfngsf nflu
;;fgf s]Gb|x? ag]sf lyP .[12] cfGtl/s Jofkf/ /
cfjfudgsf nflu e/kbf{ af6f3f6f / a;f]af;sf Joj:yf ul/Psf lyP . af6f]df
9'+u];fFw', wd{zfnf, d'u|fFxf -wf/f_ agfP/ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf
kxf8, dw]; / ef/tLo zx/df 3f]8f, afh, s:t'/L, pmgLsf sk8f lnP/ Jofkf/Lx? hfGy]
.
t];|f], v; ;fd|fHodf a|fXd0f, kl08t, leIf', ;fw';Gt, dxfTdfx?sf] dxTj
lyof] . pgLx?nfO{ cfdGq0f / ;Ddfg x'g] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . To:t} 1fg
;Lko'St bIf sflnu9 NofP/ ljleGg /fhgLlts cfWoflTds ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf
lyP . kYy/n] ag]sf] o:tf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf b]jn, :t'k, dlGb/, :tDe, s'jf cflb
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf e"efu / a:tLx?d clxn];Dd oqtq e]l6G5g\ . wft' / sf7af6
ag]sf snfs[ltx? eg] x/fP jf nf]k e};s] . s0ff{nL k|b]z ljleGg v;cfo{ hfltx?sf]
pb\ud:yn x'g'sf ;fy} pgLx?n] dfGg], ljZjf;ug]{ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f di6f]
;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb| klg xf] . di6f] pkf;gfsf] k/Dk/f a}lbs ;Eotfk"jsf] wd{
xf] . of] xfn;Dd lnlvt k/Dk/f ge]l6Psf] t/ ge"lnPsf] clt k|flrg ;+:s[lt
xf] .[13] di6f] ;+:s[lt] v;cfo{
k/Dk/fsf] cleGg ag]sf] lyof] h'g cFem};Dd sfod 5 .
v; ;Eotfsf] cj;fg
zf;g Joj:yf sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfFbf cfGtl/s
snx a9\5 eg] b'idgsf] clts|d0f klg ylkG5 . o'4sfnLg clts|d0fsf] lgzfgf /fHosf
P]ltxfl;s / ;+:s[lt w/f]x/x? k5{g\. v;/fHosf] clGtdlt/ ceodNnkl5 la;+= !$%) dn}aDd
/fhf eP . Tof] a]nf;Dd ljzfn v;;fd|fHo v'lDrg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . pgn] cfkm\gf] /fHonfO{
rf/ efudf afF8]/ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ /]vb]vsf] lhDdf lbP . pgn] 5f]/LnfO{
sfn}+ufpF If]q -xfnsf] d'u_, h]7f 5f]/fnfO{ ;NofgIf]q, dflxnf 5f]/fnfO{
h'DnfIf]q -hf] kl5 hfh/sf]6 uP/ a;]_, ;flxnf 5f]/fnfO{ wf}nsf]6 -xfnsf] ;'v]{t_
/ sfG5f 5f]/f b}n]v efu nufP . ToxL sbd v; ;fd|fHosf] cGTo / sfnfGt/df afO{;L
nufot s]of} ;;fgf /fHosf] ljhf/f]k0f x'G5 .
;Nofg 6's|]/ dfNg]6f, kmnfaf+u ;lxt tLg
6's|f aGof] . hfh/sf]6 6's|/]/ hxf/L, ?s'd, afFkmL, d'l;sf]6 / uf]tfd /fHo ag]
. ?s'daf6 km]/L 5'6\6} bfdf{/fHo klg aGof] . o;/L ag]sf cg]s ;;fgf 6's|]/fHox?
cfk;df em}emu8f eO{/xg], Pscsf{df ljZjf;sf] sdL x'g], ;fgf /fHo / sdhf]/ ;fdy{sf] sf/0f zf;g;Qf
s]jn kl/jf/ / cf;]kf;] leq l;ldt x'guof] . of] s|d uf]vf{nLx? /fHodf ufleg] a]nf;Dd
sfod /x\of] .
o;/L 6's|]/ sdhf]/ ag]sf afO{;L /fHodf
v;;fd|fHosf w/f]x/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug]{ rf;f] / ;fdYo{ lyPg . v;dNnsfnLg
;dokl5 klg sltko P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts dxTjsf ;+/rgfx? ag] t/ ltgLx?df g
snfsfl/tf 5 g t cfsif{s g} 5g\ .[14]
h'Dnf / cf;kf; uf]vf{/fHodf uflePsf] !^)
aif{;DDf klg s0ff{nLdf Oltxf; tyf ;fF:s[lts dxTjsf sfd ePsf] k|df0f ldNb}g . a?
oxL calwdf ePsf ;+/rgfx? n'l6P, elTsP, x/fP / nf]k eP . h'Dnfdf uf]Vff{nL
kmf}hn] af/Daf/ wf8f] xfNg] -n'6\g]_ u/]sf] hg>'lt 5g\. n'6af6 aRg plta]nf vfN8f]df
n'sfO{Psf ax'd'No uf8wg cr]n e]l6G5g\.
v;;fd|fHosf] ljno ;Fu} s0ff{nL If]q
s|dzM aflx/L ;Dks{af6 cnlUug yfNof] . la;+= !%^@ df s0ff{nLd} s]Gb|ljGb' ePsf]
*=* /]S6/sf] e'O{+rfnf]n] ;a} ;+/rgfx? Wj:t ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ltAatsf]
;Dks{ 6'6];Fu} :yflkt cfly{s / ;fdflhs
k|0ffnLx? ca?4 eP . hgtfsf] ;du| /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s x}l;ot sdhf]/ x'Fb}
uP/ ljkGgtflt/ df]l8of] . To;otfsf ;a} zf;g Joj:yfdf of] If]q emg cnlUu+b}
emg\emg\ b'u{d / hh{/ aGof] . o;/L lylRrPsf oxfFsf afl;Gbfx? k|hftGq cfO{;s]l5
klg aflx/Lof dfG5] / lab]zLx? dfly ljZjf; ub}g lyP . To;}n] w]/}h;f] s0ff{nL
afl;Gbfsf] l;+uf] g]kfnsf] /fHo / /fli6otfsf] cjwf/0ff;+u ckgTjaf]w gx'g' s'g}
cgf}7f] xf]O{g[15].
lgisif{
tLg;o aif{ xf/fxf/L rn]sf] v; ;fd|fHodf k"0f{ ljsl;t
of}6f ;Eotfsf sof}+ ljz]iftfx? s]xL kl/dfh{g / kl/is[t x'Fb} at{dfg g]kfnL
/fli6|otfsf] cleGg c+u ag]sf x'g\ . clxn]sf] g]kfnL efiff, v; hflt y/,
e]ife'iff, / ;+:s[ltsf cg]s cfofdx? ?kfGt/0f x'Fb} hLljt /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
tyfkL s0ff{nL If]qdf ljBdfg v; ;EotfsfnLg cg]sf}+ k'/ftflTjs tyf P]ltxfl;s
w/f]x/x? pTvgg\ / cWoogsf] cefjdf nf]k eO{/x]sf 5g\ . ;d[4 ;dfhdf ;/sf/L tyf
k|fl1s ;+:yfx?n] o:tf cjz]ifx?nfO{ dxTj lbP/ ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g u5{g\ . g]kfndf
klg cfw'lgs lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L gofF k4ltaf6 v; ;Eotfsf] cg';Gwfg
ug{;s] g]kfnL Oltxf; n]vgdf gofF cfofd yKg ;lsG5 .
dfwa
rf}nfufFO{ s0ff{nLsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, ;dfh lj1fg, ljsf; / hg:jf:Yosf d'2fx?df
cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L /fli6|o ldl8ofdf n]V5g\\ . pgn] yfO{Nof08sf]
r'nfnf]++usf]g{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 hg:jf:Yo laifo tyf g]kfnsf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 u|fdL0f
ljsf; laifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkfwL xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . pgL s0ff{nL k|b]z, h'Dnf lhNnf,
tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsf, nfd|f ufpFsf afl;Gbf x'g\ . pgnfO{ Anu k]h www.madhavjee.blogspot.com k9\g tyf www.twitter.com/madhavjee kmnf] ug{ ;lsG5 .
[1] Sharma, Amit Kumar. “Elements of Indian Civilisation: A Sociological
Perspective.” Indian Anthropologist, vol. 33, no. 1, 2003.
[2] Nicolash Hagger, The Rise and Fall of Civilizations:
Why Civilizations Rise and Fall and What Happens When They End, 2008
[3] https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse (Luke Kemp)
[5] k|f=8f=;"o{d0fL
clwsf/L, vz ;fd|fHosf] Oltxf;, @)^!
[6] https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/key-components-civilization/
[7]8f=
ljb'/ rfln; k|flrg clen]lvo g]kfnL efiffsf ljz]iftfx?, k|flrg g]kfn, c+s
!&(
[8] k|f=8f=;"o{d0fL
clwsf/L, vz ;fd|fHosf] Oltxf;, @)^!
[9]
Surya Mani Adhikari, “The Khas Kingdom – a trans-himalayan empire of middle
age, 1988
[10] Susanne von der
Heide “Linking routes from the silk road through Nepal – the ancient passage
through mustang and its importance as a Buddhist cultural landscape” Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road .
2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July
14-16, 2012. Proceedings
[11]
Michel Hutt, Nepal- A guide to art and architecture of the Kathmandu Valley
[12] df]xgaxfb'/
dNn, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf kfn,
[13] t]haxfb'/ sfsL{, di6f] ;+:s[lt P]ltxfl;s Pjd\
;f:s[lts cWoog, @)&%
[14] Prayagraj Sharma, Preliminary study of the Art and
Architecture of the Karnali Bassin, West Nepal, 1972
[15] Barry C Bishop, Karnali Under Stress: Livelihood
Strategies and Seasonal Rhythms in a Changing Nepal Himalaya, 1990
